Lactation---Objective 18
A great chart showing the flow of hormones and the stimulus that initiate lactation. It is really easy to follow this diagram to understand the effects of hormones and stimuli.
The Menstural Cycle---Objective 16, 75
This website was very informational on the effects of estradiol and progesterone on menstruation. It included easy to understand text and charts. Whoever knew Aunt Flow was so complex...haha!
Endocrine Sytem and Homeostasis---Objective 11, 12, 13, 14
This table made it easy to identify the classes of hormones
Venous Valves and Varicose Veins---Objective 31
In this picture you can clearly see that normal vein valve operation only allows blood to flow one way (towards the heart). But in varicose veins the valve is damaged allowing blood to flow both toward and away from the heart, causing the veins to become enlarged.
Inspiration and Expiration---Objective 46, 49, 50
I like videos that dumb things down...inspiration and expiration for dummies. I thought it was helpful to see the changes of barometric and aveolar pressure.
Neuronal Control Of Inspiration and Expiration:
This picture was actually taken from our Anatomy 211 textbook. Although it was difficult to understand at first, the further I read about the medullary and pontine respiratory centers, the easier it was to understand the diagram and also how the neurons fire inspiration and expiration.
Neuronal Control Of Inspiration and Expiration:
Acidosis or Alkalosis?---Objective 53, 56
Have to give credit to the Super Nurse in my life, my mom, for this one. She explained respiratory and metabolic alkalosis and acidosis in a way that made it really simple.
Remember ROME---> Respiratory-Opposite Metabolic-Equal
If your pH is low and your PCO2 (*partial pressure of carbon dioxide) is high: high/low is opposite. So its respiratory, and you know its acidosis because the pH is low.
If your pH is high and your HCO3 is high. high/high is equal, so its metabolic. and you know its alkalosis because the pH is high
*partial pressure is the pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture
Remember ROME---> Respiratory-Opposite Metabolic-Equal
If your pH is low and your PCO2 (*partial pressure of carbon dioxide) is high: high/low is opposite. So its respiratory, and you know its acidosis because the pH is low.
If your pH is high and your HCO3 is high. high/high is equal, so its metabolic. and you know its alkalosis because the pH is high
*partial pressure is the pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture
Respiratory Anatomy---Objective 45
Again my kids come to the rescue. Coloring...who would of thought that would help me study!
My picture of the respiratory system that I would color:
My picture of the respiratory system that I would color:
Edema--Objective 55
I have always thought of edema simply as swelling. But the more that I have learned about the different systems of the body I've realized that causes and/or effects of edema occur throughout the organs. The most common being heart, liver and lungs. Here I was thinking edema only happened if you were pregnant or ate too much salt...boy was I wrong!
For example, a patient with heart disease. Poor cardiac function can cause a decreased volume of blood pumped out by the heart. The decreased cardiac output is responsible for a decreased flow of blood to the kidneys. The kidneys can sense that there is a reduction of the blood volume in the body. To counter act the loss of fluid, the kidneys retain salt and water. The kidneys are then fooled into thinking that the body needs to retain more fluid volume but, in actuality the body is already holding too much fluid. This fluid ultimately results in the buildup of fluid within the lungs, which can cause shortness of breath. This accumulation of fluid in the lung is called pulmonary edema. At the same time, there is also an accumulation of fluid in the legs causing edema.
WOW! It's amazing how all the systems coincide with each other!
For example, a patient with heart disease. Poor cardiac function can cause a decreased volume of blood pumped out by the heart. The decreased cardiac output is responsible for a decreased flow of blood to the kidneys. The kidneys can sense that there is a reduction of the blood volume in the body. To counter act the loss of fluid, the kidneys retain salt and water. The kidneys are then fooled into thinking that the body needs to retain more fluid volume but, in actuality the body is already holding too much fluid. This fluid ultimately results in the buildup of fluid within the lungs, which can cause shortness of breath. This accumulation of fluid in the lung is called pulmonary edema. At the same time, there is also an accumulation of fluid in the legs causing edema.
WOW! It's amazing how all the systems coincide with each other!
Kidney Function---Objective 52, 62, 66
Today in lab when Mrs. Gess was discussing the function of the kidneys, I was so lost. (Sorry Mrs. Gess but the drawing on the board was just not doing it for me!) There is a website that I've looked at before for 210 that I have found very useful and I was grateful that they had a video on the kidneys. This video dumbed things down for me and it was helpful to see how things travel through the kidney.
Kidney structure---Objective 63
Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation---Objective 36
This one is pretty easy to remember. Its all in the words!
Vasoconstriction = veins constrict
Vasodilation = veins dilate
Vasoconstriction = veins constrict
Vasodilation = veins dilate
Protection Against Pathogens---Objective 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44
A good story to remember how the lymphatic system protects the body from pathogens.
The white blood cells act as the body's military, the body is a huge battle ground. The war goes on forever. We are of course rooting for the WBC Army, but the Foreign Microbe Armies are impressive in their own right.
The WBC army bases are (where WBC's are produced) in the land of the Red Bone Marrow. These are well protected locations in large bones for the WBC to gather and plan their attack (sternum, long bones of the arms & legs, hip bones, scull, vertebrae). When they're ready and pass basic training they all take the Blood and Lymphatic Rivers to get anywhere in the world of the Body.
The WBC army has spies and scouts: chemicals that are released into Tissue Land from the invader microbes (pathogens). These chemicals signal the WBC's, telling them location, type of microbe, and the invaders numbers. Famous scouts are our brothers Histamine, Complement, Kinins and Leukotrienes. I always like to imagine microbes having a big loud obnoxious party after they pass the Great Skin Barrier (Body's first defense) and set up camp inside. They're jerks like that. They trash the neighborhood (damage nearby tissue).
Neutrophils are the first responders - the marines. They're tough and scrappy (they have granules in the cytoplasm and a multi-lobed nucleus). These guys are large in number - around 70% of the entire WBC army. They fight bacteria and fungal microbes the best. They show up early while the microbe invasion party is still going strong and begin to bust everything up. Acute inflammation is evidence of their fight. Pus litters the battlefield (a combo of dead neutrophils, microbes, and fluid and tissue from the area).
Next the Monocytes come and and clean up the area after the fight: "The Cleaners." They're different from the neutrophils - only 1 nucleus and no granules. They collect evidence of the invaders and send it to the T-cell division (lymphocytes who will remember the information for future attacks). After they're done in damaged Tissue Land they go back to the Lymphatic River. They can transform into macrophages.
Macrophages are big tanks that can kill larger microbes that have made it past the neutrophil battle. Like the monocyte, macrophages have a single nucleus. Marcrophages set up camps throughout the body waiting for any invader microbes that may have made it past enemy lines. They have different names for different camps throughout the body: ie Dust Cells in Lungs-ville, Kupffer cells in Liver-town. They like to set up road blocks in sinus cavities and lymph nodes where they can stop any microbes trying to get further past enemy lines.
Basophils, scrappy like the neutrophils (bi or tri lobed nucleus, full of granules) and show up and increase the inflamation. The bomb makers. They especially like to bomb allergies.
Eosinophils are also pretty scrappy like the neutrophils (bi-lobed nucleus and full of granules) and they arrive early to inhibit all the inflammation. The bomb squad maybe. They increase in numbers when the microbes are parasites or allergies because that's the fight they like to get in on.
A lymphocyte called the Natural Killer Cell helps out by recognizing human cells that have been invaded by viruses or tumor cells trying to establish bases past enemy lines. NK's are bad asses that notice the markers on the cells, then it kills the ones that indicate virus or tumor - no questions asked.
All these cells are part of the Innate Immune System - they're non-specific - they'll fight any pathogen that tries to set up shop. The Adaptive Immunity System is set up for repeat offenders. Remember the T-cell (friend of the monocyte) above? Along with the B-cell lymphocyte they remember pervious invaders and activate attacks accordingly. It's a big old war going on in there. All day, every day.
Using this analogy helped me meet most of the objectives of the lymph system. What a fun way to learn and teach this system!
The white blood cells act as the body's military, the body is a huge battle ground. The war goes on forever. We are of course rooting for the WBC Army, but the Foreign Microbe Armies are impressive in their own right.
The WBC army bases are (where WBC's are produced) in the land of the Red Bone Marrow. These are well protected locations in large bones for the WBC to gather and plan their attack (sternum, long bones of the arms & legs, hip bones, scull, vertebrae). When they're ready and pass basic training they all take the Blood and Lymphatic Rivers to get anywhere in the world of the Body.
The WBC army has spies and scouts: chemicals that are released into Tissue Land from the invader microbes (pathogens). These chemicals signal the WBC's, telling them location, type of microbe, and the invaders numbers. Famous scouts are our brothers Histamine, Complement, Kinins and Leukotrienes. I always like to imagine microbes having a big loud obnoxious party after they pass the Great Skin Barrier (Body's first defense) and set up camp inside. They're jerks like that. They trash the neighborhood (damage nearby tissue).
Neutrophils are the first responders - the marines. They're tough and scrappy (they have granules in the cytoplasm and a multi-lobed nucleus). These guys are large in number - around 70% of the entire WBC army. They fight bacteria and fungal microbes the best. They show up early while the microbe invasion party is still going strong and begin to bust everything up. Acute inflammation is evidence of their fight. Pus litters the battlefield (a combo of dead neutrophils, microbes, and fluid and tissue from the area).
Next the Monocytes come and and clean up the area after the fight: "The Cleaners." They're different from the neutrophils - only 1 nucleus and no granules. They collect evidence of the invaders and send it to the T-cell division (lymphocytes who will remember the information for future attacks). After they're done in damaged Tissue Land they go back to the Lymphatic River. They can transform into macrophages.
Macrophages are big tanks that can kill larger microbes that have made it past the neutrophil battle. Like the monocyte, macrophages have a single nucleus. Marcrophages set up camps throughout the body waiting for any invader microbes that may have made it past enemy lines. They have different names for different camps throughout the body: ie Dust Cells in Lungs-ville, Kupffer cells in Liver-town. They like to set up road blocks in sinus cavities and lymph nodes where they can stop any microbes trying to get further past enemy lines.
Basophils, scrappy like the neutrophils (bi or tri lobed nucleus, full of granules) and show up and increase the inflamation. The bomb makers. They especially like to bomb allergies.
Eosinophils are also pretty scrappy like the neutrophils (bi-lobed nucleus and full of granules) and they arrive early to inhibit all the inflammation. The bomb squad maybe. They increase in numbers when the microbes are parasites or allergies because that's the fight they like to get in on.
A lymphocyte called the Natural Killer Cell helps out by recognizing human cells that have been invaded by viruses or tumor cells trying to establish bases past enemy lines. NK's are bad asses that notice the markers on the cells, then it kills the ones that indicate virus or tumor - no questions asked.
All these cells are part of the Innate Immune System - they're non-specific - they'll fight any pathogen that tries to set up shop. The Adaptive Immunity System is set up for repeat offenders. Remember the T-cell (friend of the monocyte) above? Along with the B-cell lymphocyte they remember pervious invaders and activate attacks accordingly. It's a big old war going on in there. All day, every day.
Using this analogy helped me meet most of the objectives of the lymph system. What a fun way to learn and teach this system!
Structures and Functions of Lymphatic System---Objective 37
I really hate just staring at a book for hours trying to memorize different names and placements for different structures. Its a good thing that I live in the age of the Internet. I found a website that has matching tutorials for: components of the lymphatic system , structure of a lymph node, and routes of drainage of lymph.
Oh boy do these help!
A mnemonic I made up to remember the function of the lymphatic system:
The Flu Is Even Dead---> Transports nutrients, Fluid and protein balance, Immunity, Excretion of waste, Digestion( aides in absorption of fat)
Oh boy do these help!
A mnemonic I made up to remember the function of the lymphatic system:
The Flu Is Even Dead---> Transports nutrients, Fluid and protein balance, Immunity, Excretion of waste, Digestion( aides in absorption of fat)
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